(7) RAYMOND PHIL SMITH AND THELMA SUE SMITH, Plaintiffs and appellants v. LOCKHEED PROPULSION COMPANY, a corporation, Defendant and Respondent (Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Div. 2, Jan. 17, 1967. Hearing denied March 15, 1967. OPINION Tamura, Justice)
Plaintiffs appeal from a judgement of nonsuit
in their action to recover damages to their real property allegedly caused by
seismic vibrations activated by a static firing rocket motor test conducted by
defendant on adjoining lands pursuant to a contract with the United States. The
complaint was framed on theories of negligence and strict liability...
On the issue of strict liability, plaintiffs
urge that defendant was engaged in an ultrahazardous activity and hence, was
liable without regard to fault...
Section 520 of the Restatement of Torts
defines ultrahazardous activity as follows: "An activity is ultrahazardous if
it (a) necessarily involves a risk of serious harm to the person, land or
chattels of others which cannot be eliminated by the exercise of the utmost
care, and (b) is not a matter of common usage." California has apparently
accepted the Restatement definition...
Whether an activity is ultrahazardous is a
question of law to be determined by the court. (Luthringer v. Moore, supra, 31
Cal.2d at page 496, 190 P.2d 1; Beck v. Bel Air Properties, Inc., supra, 134
Cal.App.2d at page 842, 286 P.2d 503; Rest., Torts, § 520, comment h).
In our opinion, defendant's activity must be
classed as ultrahazardous. The none fuel rocket motor was the largest ever
tested to that date. Test firing such a device is not a matter of common
occurrence. The fact that defendant found it necessary to acquire 9100 acres
for its purposes, and at one time told plaintiffs it needed their property in
order to conduct the test, is evidence of its recognition of the risk inherent
in the undertaking despite the exercise of due care. In these circumstances,
public policy calls for strict liability. (Luthringer v. Moore, supra, 31
Cal.2d 489, 500, 190 P.2d 1; Rest., Torts, § 520). There is no basis, either in
reason or justice, for requiring the innocent neighboring landowner to bear the
loss. Defendant, who is engaged in the enterprise for profit, is in a position
best able to administer the loss so that it will ultimately be borne by the
public. As Professor Prosser summarizes the rationale for the imposition of
strict liability: "The problem is dealt with as one of allocating a more or
less inevitable loss to be charged against a complex and dangerous
civilization, and liability is placed upon the party best able to shoulder it."
(Prosser, Law of Torts, (2d ed. 1955) page 318).
The precise issue before us—whether rocket
motor testing constitutes an ultrahazardous activity—was squarely considered
and answered affirmatively in Berg v. Reaction Motors Div., (1962) 37 N.J. 396,
181 A.2d 487, under a factual setting remarkably similar to the instant case...
|