(1) DECLARATION OF GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON THE USE OF SATELLITE BROADCASTING FOR THE FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION, THE SPREAD OF EDUCATION AND GREATER CULTURAL EXCHANGE(adopted on November 15,1972) Article I The use of Outer Space being governed by international law, the development of satellite broadcasting shall be guided by the principles and rules of international law, in particular the Charter of the United Nations and the Outer Space Treaty. Article II 1. Satellite broadcasting shall respect the sovereignty and equality of all States. 2. Satellite-broadcasting shall be apolitical and conducted with due regard for the rights of individual persons and non-governmental entities, as recognized by States and international law. Article III 1. The benefits of satellite broadcasting should be available to all countries without discrimination and regardless of their degree of development. 2. The use of satellites for broadcasting should be based on international co-operation, world-wide and regional, intergovernmental and professional. Article IV 1. Satellite broadcasting provides a new-means of disseminating knowledge and promoting better understanding among peoples. 2. The fulfilment of these potentialities requires that account be taken of the needs and rights of audiences, as well as the objectives of peace, friendship and co-operation between peoples, and of economic, social and cultural progress. Article V 1. The objective of satellite broadcasting for the free flow of information is to ensure the widest possible dissemination, among the peoples of the world, of news of all countries, developed and developing alike. 2. Satellite broadcasting, making possible instantaneous world-wide dissemination of news, requires that every effort be made to ensure the factual accuracy of the information reaching the public. News broadcasts shall identify the body which assumes responsibility for the news programme as a whole, attributing where appropriate particular news items to their source. Article VI 1. The objectives of satellite broadcasting for the spread of education are to accelerate the expansion of education, extend educational opportunities, improve the content of school curricula, further the training of educators, assist in the struggle against illiteracy, and help ensure life-long education. 2. Each country has the right to decide on the content of the educational programmes broadcast by satellite to its people and, in cases where such programmes are produced in co-operation with other countries, to take part in their planning and production, on a free and equal footing. Article VII 1. The objective of satellite broadcasting for the promotion of cultural exchange is to foster greater contact and mutual understanding between peoples by permitting audiences to enjoy, on an unprecedented scale, programmes on each other's social and cultural life including artistic performances and sporting and other events. 2. Cultural programmes, while promoting the enrichment of all cultures, should respect the distinctive character, the value and the dignity of each, and the right of all countries and peoples to preserve their cultures as part of the common heritage of mankind. Article VIII Broadcasters and their national, regional and international associations should be encouraged to co-operate in the production and exchange of programmes and in all other aspects of satellite broadcasting including the training of technical and programme personnel. Article IX 1. In order to further the objectives set out in the preceding articles, it is necessary that States, taking into account the principle of freedom of information, reach or promote prior agreements concerning direct satellite broadcasting to the population of countries other than the country of origin of the transmission. 2. With respect to commercial advertising, its transmission shall be subject to specific agreement between the originating and receiving countries. Article X In the preparation of programmes for direct broadcasting to other countries, account shall be taken of differences in the national laws of the countries of reception. Article XI The principles of this Declaration shall be applied with due regard for human rights and fundamental freedoms.